Surgical frame incorporating electro-magnetic imaging device

ABSTRACT

A surgical frame incorporating an electromagnetic-radiation imaging device, and a radiation-mitigation system for use with the surgical frame are provided. The surgical frame can be capable of reconfiguration before, during, or after surgery, and can include a main beam that can be rotated, raised/lowered, and tilted upwardly/downwardly to afford positioning and repositioning of a patient supported thereon. The surgical frame can support the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device. One of an emitter and a receiver of the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device can be positioned under the main beam of the surgical frame, and the other of the emitter and the receiver of the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device can be positioned over the main beam of the surgical frame. The radiation-mitigation system can serve to intercept/block and mitigate at least some of the scatter of the electromagnetic radiation from the emitter.

FIELD

The present technology generally relates to a surgical frameincorporating an electro-magnetic imaging device.

BACKGROUND

Common imaging techniques can employ electromagnetic radiation tofacilitate imaging of anatomical structures of a patient before, during,and after surgery. For example, fluoroscopy is one of these commonimaging techniques. Typically, the apparatus facilitating fluoroscopyincludes an emitter for emitting X-rays directed towards a patient, anda receiver for receiving the emitted X-rays directed towards the patientafter passing through the patient. The fluoroscopy apparatus can be usedto image specific portions of the patient's body. The fluoroscopyapparatus is typically separate from surgical frames supporting thepatient's body, and must be positioned relative to the patient's bodyand the surgical frame during use thereof. Use of such separatefluoroscopy apparatus can interfere with manipulation of the surgicalframe. Furthermore, even when portions of the fluoroscopy apparatuspreviously have been incorporated into some surgical frames, themovement of the fluoroscopy apparatus may be somewhat limited, and suchmovement of the fluoroscopy apparatus may interfere with themanipulation of the surgical frame. Therefore, there is a need for asurgical frame that incorporates an electro-magnetic imaging device thataffords increased movement of the imaging device, while also limitinginterference with the manipulation of the surgical frame. As discussedbelow, an emitter and a receiver of an electro-magnetic imaging devicecan be supported by portions incorporated into the surgical frame toprovide increased movement thereof and to limit interference withmovement of portions of the surgical frame.

SUMMARY

The techniques of this disclosure generally relate to a surgical frameincorporating an electro-magnetic imaging device.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a surgical frameincorporating at least a portion of an electromagnetic-radiation imagingdevice, the surgical frame including a first support portion, a secondsupport portion, a main beam, a translating beam, a first support post,a second support post, a transom, and the electromagnetic-radiationimaging device, the main beam being spaced from the ground by at leastthe first support portion and the second support portion, thetranslating beam being positioned under the main beam, and beingmoveably attached at a first end thereof relative to the first supportportion and moveably attached at a second end thereof relative to thesecond support portion, the first support post being attached relativeto the first support portion, the second support post being attachedrelative to the second support portion, the transom extending betweenthe first support post and the second support post, theelectromagnetic-radiation imaging device including an emitter and areceiver, one of the emitter and the receiver being supported andmoveably attached relative to the translating beam underneath the mainbeam, and the other of the emitter and the receiver being supported byand moveably attached to the transom over the main beam; where thetranslating beam and the one of the emitter and the receiver attachedthereto are moveable between a first position at or adjacent the firstlateral side of the surgical frame and a second position at or adjacentthe second lateral side of the surgical frame, the one of the emitterand the receiver is moveable along the translating beam between a firstposition at or adjacent the first support portion and a second positionat or adjacent the second support portion, and the other of the emitterand the receiver is moveable along the transom between a first positionat or adjacent the first support post and a second position at oradjacent the second support post.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a surgical frameincorporating at least a portion of an electromagnetic-radiation imagingdevice, the surgical frame including a first support portion, a secondsupport portion, a translating beam, a first support post, a secondsupport post, a transom, and the electromagnetic-radiationimagingdevice, the translating beam being moveably attached at a first endthereof relative to the first support portion and moveably attached at asecond end thereof relative to the second support portion, the firstsupport post being attached relative to the first support portion, thesecond support post being attached relative to the second supportportion, the transom extending between the first support post and thesecond support post, the electromagnetic-radiation imaging deviceincluding an emitter and a receiver, one of the emitter and the receiverbeing supported and moveably attached relative to the translating beam,and the other of the emitter and the receiver being supported by andmoveably attached to the transom; where the translating beam and the oneof the emitter and the receiver attached thereto are moveable between afirst position at or adjacent the first lateral side of the surgicalframe and a second position at or adjacent the second lateral side ofthe surgical frame, the one of the emitter and the receiver is moveablealong the translating beam between a first position at or adjacent thefirst support portion and a second position at or adjacent the secondsupport portion, and the other of the emitter and the receiver ismoveable along the transom between a first position at or adjacent thefirst support post and a second position at or adjacent the secondsupport post.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a surgical frameincorporating at least a portion of an electromagnetic-radiation imagingdevice, the surgical frame including first support portion, a secondsupport portion, a beam extending between the first support portion andthe second support portion, a first support post, a second support post,a transom, and the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device, thetranslating beam being moveably attached at a first end thereof relativeto the first support portion and moveably attached at a second endthereof relative to the second support portion, the first support postbeing attached relative to the first support portion, the second supportpost being attached relative to the second support portion, the transomextending between the first support post and the second support post,the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device including an emitter and areceiver, the emitter being supported and moveably attached relative tothe translating beam, and the receiver being supported by and moveablyattached to the transom; where the emitter is moveable along the beamextending between the first support portion and the second supportportion between a first position at or adjacent the first supportportion and a second position at or adjacent the second support portion,and the receiver is moveable along the transom between a first positionat or adjacent the first support post and a second position at oradjacent the second support post.

The details of one or more aspects of the disclosure are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the techniques described in this disclosurewill be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top perspective view that illustrates a prior art surgicalframe with a patient positioned thereon in a prone position;

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view that illustrates the surgical frame ofFIG. 1 with the patient positioned thereon in a prone position;

FIG. 3 is another side elevational view that illustrates the surgicalframe of FIG. 1 with the patient positioned thereon in a prone position;

FIG. 4 is a top plan view that illustrates the surgical frame of FIG. 1with the patient positioned thereon in a prone position;

FIG. 5 is a top perspective view that illustrates the surgical frame ofFIG. 1 with the patient positioned thereon in a lateral position;

FIG. 6 is a top perspective view that illustrates portions of thesurgical frame of FIG. 1 showing an area of access to the head of thepatient positioned thereon in a prone position;

FIG. 7 is a side elevational view that illustrates the surgical frame ofFIG. 1 showing a torso-lift support supporting the patient in a liftedposition;

FIG. 8 is another side elevational view that illustrates the surgicalframe of FIG. 1 showing the torso-lift support supporting the patient inthe lifted position;

FIG. 9 is an enlarged top perspective view that illustrates portions ofthe surgical frame of FIG. 1 showing the torso-lift support supportingthe patient in an unlifted position;

FIG. 10 is an enlarged top perspective view that illustrates portions ofthe surgical frame of FIG. 1 showing the torso-lift support supportingthe patient in the lifted position;

FIG. 11 is an enlarged top perspective view that illustrates componentryof the torso-lift support in the unlifted position;

FIG. 12 is an enlarged top perspective view that illustrates thecomponentry of the torso-lift support in the lifted position;

FIG. 13A is a perspective view of an embodiment that illustrates astructural offset main beam for use with another embodiment of atorso-lift support showing the torso-lift support in a retractedposition;

FIG. 13B is a perspective view similar to FIG. 13A showing thetorso-lift support at half travel;

FIG. 13C is a perspective view similar to FIGS. 13A and 13B showing thetorso-lift support at full travel;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view that illustrates a chest support liftmechanism of the torso-lift support of FIGS. 13A-13C with actuatorsthereof retracted;

FIG. 15 is another perspective view that illustrates a chest supportlift mechanism of the torso-lift support of FIGS. 13A-13C with theactuators thereof extended;

FIG. 16 is a top perspective view that illustrates the surgical frame ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 17 is an enlarged top perspective view that illustrates portions ofthe surgical frame of FIG. 1 showing a sagittal adjustment assemblyincluding a pelvic-tilt mechanism and leg adjustment mechanism;

FIG. 18 is an enlarged side elevational view that illustrates portionsof the surgical frame of FIG. 1 showing the pelvic-tilt mechanism;

FIG. 19 is an enlarged perspective view that illustrates componentry ofthe pelvic-tilt mechanism;

FIG. 20 is an enlarged perspective view that illustrates a captured rackand a worm gear assembly of the componentry of the pelvic-tiltmechanism;

FIG. 21 is an enlarged perspective view that illustrates the worm gearassembly of FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 is a side elevational view that illustrates portions of thesurgical frame of FIG. 1 showing the patient positioned thereon and thepelvic-tilt mechanism of the sagittal adjustment assembly in the flexedposition;

FIG. 23 is another side elevational view that illustrates portions ofthe surgical frame of FIG. 1 showing the patient positioned thereon andthe pelvic-tilt mechanism of the sagittal adjustment assembly in thefully extended position;

FIG. 24 is an enlarged top perspective view that illustrates portions ofthe surgical frame of FIG. 1 showing a coronal adjustment assembly;

FIG. 25 is a top perspective view that illustrates portions of thesurgical frame of FIG. 1 showing operation of the coronal adjustmentassembly;

FIG. 26 is a top perspective view that illustrates a portion of thesurgical frame of FIG. 1 showing operation of the coronal adjustmentassembly;

FIG. 27 is a top perspective view that illustrates a prior art surgicalframe in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention with thepatient positioned thereon in a prone position showing a translatingbeam thereof in a first position;

FIG. 28 is another top perspective view that illustrates the surgicalframe of FIG. 27 with the patient in a prone position showing thetranslating beam thereof in a second position;

FIG. 29 is yet another top perspective view that illustrates thesurgical frame of FIG. 27 with the patient in a lateral position showingthe translating beam thereof in a third position;

FIG. 30 is a top plan view that illustrates the surgical frame of FIG.27 with the patient in a lateral position showing the translating beamthereof in the third position;

FIG. 31 is a top perspective view that illustrates a first side of afirst embodiment of a radiation-scatter mitigating system, formitigating radiation from a radiation emitter, that is at leastpartially integrated into a surgical frame;

FIG. 32 is a top perspective view that illustrates a second side of thefirst embodiment of the radiation-scatter mitigating system of FIG. 31that is at least partially integrated into the surgical frame;

FIG. 33 is a partially exploded top perspective view that illustratesthe first side of the first embodiment of the radiation-scattermitigating system of FIG. 31 with radiation shields used therein spacedfrom the surgical frame;

FIG. 34 is a top perspective view that illustrates a first side of asecond embodiment of a radiation-scatter mitigating system, formitigating radiation from a radiation emitter, that is positionedadjacent a surgical frame;

FIG. 35 is a top perspective view that illustrates a second side of thesecond embodiment of the radiation-scatter mitigating system of FIG. 34that is positioned adjacent the surgical frame;

FIG. 36 is a partially exploded top perspective view that illustratesthe first side of the second embodiment of the radiation-scattermitigating system of FIG. 34 with radiation shields used therein spacedfrom the surgical frame;

FIG. 37 is a top perspective view that illustrates a first side of athird embodiment of a radiation-scatter mitigating system, formitigating radiation from a radiation emitter, that is at leastpartially integrated into a surgical frame and positioned adjacent areceiver-support structure;

FIG. 38 is a partially exploded top perspective view that illustratesthe first side of the third embodiment of the radiation-scattermitigating system of FIG. 34 with radiation shields used therein spacedfrom the surgical frame; and

FIG. 39 is a top perspective view that illustrates a first side of afourth embodiment of a radiation-scatter mitigating system, formitigating radiation from a radiation emitter, that is at leastpartially integrated into a surgical fame, illustrates areceiver-support structure that also is at least partially integratedinto the surgical frame.

The details of one or more aspects of the disclosure are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the techniques described in this disclosurewill be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1-26 depict a prior art embodiment and components of a surgicalsupport frame generally indicated by the numeral 10. FIGS. 1-26 werepreviously described in U.S. Ser. No. 15/239,256, which is herebyincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Furthermore, FIGS.27-30 were previously described in U.S. Ser. No. 15/639,080, which ishereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

As discussed below, the surgical frame 10 serves as an exoskeleton tosupport the body of the patient P as the patient's body is manipulatedthereby, and, in doing so, serves to support the patient P such that thepatient's spine does not experience unnecessary torsion.

The surgical frame 10 is configured to provide a relatively minimalamount of structure adjacent the patient's spine to facilitate accessthereto and to improve the quality of imaging available before andduring surgery. Thus, the surgeon's workspace and imaging access arethereby increased. Furthermore, radiolucent or low magneticsusceptibility materials can be used in constructing the structuralcomponents adjacent the patient's spine in order to further enhanceimaging quality.

The surgical frame 10 has a longitudinal axis and a length therealong.As depicted in FIGS. 1-5, for example, the surgical frame 10 includes anoffset structural main beam 12 and a support structure 14. The offsetmain beam 12 is spaced from the ground by the support structure 14. Asdiscussed below, the offset main beam 12 is used in supporting thepatient P on the surgical frame 10 and various support components of thesurgical frame 10 that directly contact the patient P (such as a headsupport 20, arm supports 22A and 22B, torso-lift supports 24 and 160, asagittal adjustment assembly 28 including a pelvic-tilt mechanism 30 anda leg adjustment mechanism 32, and a coronal adjustment assembly 34). Asdiscussed below, an operator such as a surgeon can control actuation ofthe various support components to manipulate the position of thepatient's body. Soft straps (not shown) are used with these varioussupport components to secure the patient P to the frame and to enableeither manipulation or fixation of the patient P. Reusable soft pads canbe used on the load-bearing areas of the various support components.

The offset main beam 12 is used to facilitate rotation of the patient P.The offset main beam 12 can be rotated a full 360° before and duringsurgery to facilitate various positions of the patient P to affordvarious surgical pathways to the patient's spine depending on thesurgery to be performed. For example, the offset main beam 12 can bepositioned to place the patient P in a prone position (e.g., FIGS. 1-4),a lateral position (e.g., FIG. 5), and in a position 45° between theprone and lateral positions. Furthermore, the offset main beam 12 can berotated to afford anterior, posterior, lateral, anterolateral, andposterolateral pathways to the spine. As such, the patient's body can beflipped numerous times before and during surgery without compromisingsterility or safety. The various support components of the surgicalframe 10 are strategically placed to further manipulate the patient'sbody into position before and during surgery. Such intraoperativemanipulation and positioning of the patient P affords a surgeonsignificant access to the patient's body. To illustrate, when the offsetmain beam 12 is rotated to position the patient P in a lateral position,as depicted in FIG. 5, the head support 20, the arm supports 22A and22B, the torso-lift support 24, the sagittal adjustment assembly 28,and/or the coronal adjustment assembly 34 can be articulated such thatthe surgical frame 10 is OLIF-capable or DLIF-capable.

As depicted in FIG. 1, for example, the support structure 14 includes afirst support portion 40 and a second support portion 42 interconnectedby a cross member 44. Each of the first and second support portions 40and 42 include a horizontal portion 46 and a vertical support post 48.The horizontal portions 46 are connected to the cross member 44, andcasters 50 can be attached to the horizontal portions 46 to facilitatemovement of the surgical frame 10.

The vertical support posts 48 can be adjustable to facilitate expansionand contraction of the heights thereof. Expansion and contraction of thevertical support posts 48 facilitates raising and lowering,respectively, of the offset main beam 12. As such, the vertical supportposts 48 can be adjusted to have equal or different heights. Forexample, the vertical support posts 48 can be adjusted such that thevertical support post 48 of the second support portion 42 is raised 12inches higher than the vertical support post 48 of the first supportportion 40 to place the patient P in a reverse Trendelenburg position.

Furthermore, cross member 44 can be adjustable to facilitate expansionand contraction of the length thereof. Expansion and contraction of thecross member 44 facilitates lengthening and shortening, respectively, ofthe distance between the first and second support portions 40 and 42.

The vertical support post 48 of the first and second support portions 40and 42 have heights at least affording rotation of the offset main beam12 and the patient P positioned thereon. Each of the vertical supportposts 48 include a clevis 60, a support block 62 positioned in theclevis 60, and a pin 64 pinning the clevis 60 to the support block 62.The support blocks 62 are capable of pivotal movement relative to theclevises 60 to accommodate different heights of the vertical supportposts 48. Furthermore, axles 66 extending outwardly from the offset mainbeam 12 are received in apertures 68 formed on the support blocks 62.The axles 66 define an axis of rotation of the offset main beam 12, andthe interaction of the axles 66 with the support blocks 62 facilitaterotation of the offset main beam 12.

Furthermore, a servomotor 70 can be interconnected with the axle 66received in the support block 62 of the first support portion 40. Theservomotor 70 can be computer controlled and/or operated by the operatorof the surgical frame 10 to facilitate controlled rotation of the offsetmain beam 12. Thus, by controlling actuation of the servomotor 70, theoffset main beam 12 and the patient P supported thereon can be rotatedto afford the various surgical pathways to the patient's spine.

As depicted in FIGS. 1-5, for example, the offset main beam 12 includesa forward portion 72 and a rear portion 74. The forward portion 72supports the head support 20, the arm supports 22A and 22B, thetorso-lift support 24, and the coronal adjustment assembly 34, and therear portion 74 supports the sagittal adjustment assembly 28. Theforward and rear portions 72 and 74 are connected to one another byconnection member 76 shared therebetween. The forward portion 72includes a first portion 80, a second portion 82, a third portion 84,and a fourth portion 86. The first portion 80 extends transversely tothe axis of rotation of the offset main beam 12, and the second andfourth portions 82 and 86 are aligned with the axis of rotation of theoffset main beam 12. The rear portion 74 includes a first portion 90, asecond portion 92, and a third portion 94. The first and third portions90 and 94 are aligned with the axis of rotation of the offset main beam12, and the second portion 92 extends transversely to the axis ofrotation of the offset main beam 12.

The axles 66 are attached to the first portion 80 of the forward portion72 and to the third portion 94 of the rear portion 74. The lengths ofthe first portion 80 of the forward portion 72 and the second portion 92of the rear portion 74 serve in offsetting portions of the forward andrear portions 72 and 74 from the axis of rotation of the offset mainbeam 12. This offset affords positioning of the cranial-caudal axis ofpatient P approximately aligned with the axis of rotation of the offsetmain beam 12.

Programmable settings controlled by a computer controller (not shown)can be used to maintain an ideal patient height for a working positionof the surgical frame 10 at a near-constant position through rotationcycles, for example, between the patient positions depicted in FIGS. 1and 5. This allows for a variable axis of rotation between the firstportion 40 and the second portion 42.

As depicted in FIG. 5, for example, the head support 20 is attached to achest support plate 100 of the torso-lift support 24 to support the headof the patient P. If the torso-lift support 24 is not used, the headsupport 20 can be directly attached to the forward portion 72 of theoffset main beam 12. As depicted in FIGS. 4 and 6, for example, the headsupport 20 further includes a facial support cradle 102, an axiallyadjustable head support beam 104, and a temple support portion 106. Softstraps (not shown) can be used to secure the patient P to the headsupport 20. The facial support cradle 102 includes padding across theforehead and cheeks, and provides open access to the mouth of thepatient P. The head support 20 also allows for imaging access to thecervical spine. Adjustment of the head support 20 is possible viaadjusting the angle and the length of the head support beam 104 and thetemple support portion 106.

As depicted in FIG. 5, for example, the arm supports 22A and 22B contactthe forearms and support the remainder of the arms of the patient P,with the first arm support 22A and the second arm support 22B attachedto the chest support plate 100 of the torso-lift support 24. If thetorso-lift support 24 is not used, the arm supports 22A and 22B can bothbe directly attached to the offset main beam 12. The arm supports 22Aand 22B are positioned such that the arms of the patient P are spacedaway from the remainder of the patient's body to provide access (FIG. 6)to at least portions of the face and neck of the patient P, therebyproviding greater access to the patient.

As depicted in FIGS. 7-12, for example, the surgical frame 10 includes atorso-lift capability for lifting and lowering the torso of the patientP between an uplifted position and a lifted position, which is describedin detail below with respect to the torso-lift support 24. As depictedin FIGS. 7 and 8, for example, the torso-lift capability has anapproximate center of rotation (“COR”) 108 that is located at a positionanterior to the patient's spine about the L2 of the lumbar spine, and iscapable of elevating the upper body of the patient at least anadditional six inches when measured at the chest support plate 100.

As depicted in FIGS. 9-12, for example, the torso-lift support 24includes a “crawling” four-bar mechanism 110 attached to the chestsupport plate 100. Soft straps (not shown) can be used to secure thepatient P to the chest support plate 100. The head support 20 and thearm supports 22A and 22B are attached to the chest support plate 100,thereby moving with the chest support plate 100 as the chest supportplate 100 is articulated using the torso-lift support 24. The fixed COR108 is defined at the position depicted in FIGS. 7 and 8. Appropriateplacement of the COR 108 is important so that spinal cord integrity isnot compromised (i.e., overly compressed or stretched) during the liftmaneuver performed by the torso-lift support 24.

As depicted in FIGS. 10-12, for example, the four-bar mechanism 110includes first links 112 pivotally connected between offset main beam 12and the chest support plate 100, and second links 114 pivotallyconnected between the offset main beam 12 and the chest support plate100. As depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12, for example, in order to maintainthe COR 108 at the desired fixed position, the first and second links112 and 114 of the four-bar mechanism 110 crawl toward the first supportportion 40 of the support structure 14, when the patient's upper body isbeing lifted. The first and second links 112 and 114 are arranged suchthat neither the surgeon's workspace nor imaging access are compromisedwhile the patient's torso is being lifted.

As depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12, for example, each of the first links 112define an L-shape, and includes a first pin 116 at a first end 118thereof. The first pin 116 extends through first elongated slots 120defined in the offset main beam 12, and the first pin 116 connects thefirst links 112 to a dual rack and pinion mechanism 122 via a drive nut124 provided within the offset main beam 12, thus defining a lower pivotpoint thereof. Each of the first links 112 also includes a second pin126 positioned proximate the corner of the L-shape. The second pin 126extends through second elongated slots 128 defined in the offset mainbeam 12, and is linked to a carriage 130 of rack and pinion mechanism122. Each of the first links 112 also includes a third pin 132 at asecond end 134 that is pivotally attached to chest support plate 100,thus defining an upper pivot point thereof.

As depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12, for example, each of the second links114 includes a first pin 140 at a first end 142 thereof. The first pin140 extends through the first elongated slot 120 defined in the offsetmain beam 12, and the first pin 140 connects the second links 114 to thedrive nut 124 of the rack and pinion mechanism 122, thus defining alower pivot point thereof. Each of the second links 114 also includes asecond pin 144 at a second end 146 that is pivotally connected to thechest support plate 100, thus defining an upper pivot point thereof.

As depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12, the rack and pinion mechanism 122includes a drive screw 148 engaging the drive nut 124. Coupled gears 150are attached to the carriage 130. The larger of the gears 150 engage anupper rack 152 (fixed within the offset main beam 12), and the smallerof the gears 150 engage a lower rack 154. The carriage 130 is defined asa gear assembly that floats between the two racks 152 and 154.

As depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12, the rack and pinion mechanism 122converts rotation of the drive screw 148 into linear translation of thefirst and second links 112 and 114 in the first and second elongatedslots 120 and 128 toward the first portion 40 of the support structure14. As the drive nut 124 translates along drive screw 148 (via rotationof the drive screw 148), the carriage 130 translates towards the firstportion 40 with less travel due to the different gear sizes of thecoupled gears 150. The difference in travel, influenced by differentgear ratios, causes the first links 112 pivotally attached thereto tolift the chest support plate 100. Lowering of the chest support plate100 is accomplished by performing this operation in reverse. The secondlinks 114 are “idler” links (attached to the drive nut 124 and the chestsupport plate 100) that controls the tilt of the chest support plate 100as it is being lifted and lowered. All components associated withlifting while tilting the chest plate predetermine where COR 108resides. Furthermore, a servomotor (not shown) interconnected with thedrive screw 148 can be computer controlled and/or operated by theoperator of the surgical frame 10 to facilitate controlled lifting andlowering of the chest support plate 100. A safety feature can beprovided, enabling the operator to read and limit a lifting and loweringforce applied by the torso-lift support 24 in order to prevent injury tothe patient P. Moreover, the torso-lift support 24 can also includesafety stops (not shown) to prevent over-extension or compression of thepatient P, and sensors (not shown) programmed to send patient positionfeedback to the safety stops.

An alternative preferred embodiment of a torso-lift support is generallyindicated by the numeral 160 in FIGS. 13A-15. As depicted in FIGS.13A-13C, an alternate offset main beam 162 is utilized with thetorso-lift support 160. Furthermore, the torso-lift support 160 has asupport plate 164 pivotally linked to the offset main beam 162 by achest support lift mechanism 166. An arm support rod/plate 168 isconnected to the support plate 164, and the second arm support 22B. Thesupport plate 164 is attached to the chest support plate 100, and thechest support lift mechanism 166 includes various actuators 170A, 170B,and 170C used to facilitate positioning and repositioning of the supportplate 164 (and hence, the chest support plate 100).

As discussed below, the torso-lift support 160 depicted in FIGS. 13A-15enables a COR 172 thereof to be programmably altered such that the COR172 can be a fixed COR or a variable COR. As their names suggest, thefixed COR stays in the same position as the torso-lift support 160 isactuated, and the variable COR moves between a first position and asecond position as the torso-lift support 160 is actuated between itsinitial position and final position at full travel thereof. Appropriateplacement of the COR 172 is important so that spinal cord integrity isnot compromised (i.e., overly compressed or stretched). Thus, thesupport plate 164 (and hence, the chest support plate 100) follows apath coinciding with a predetermined COR 172 (either fixed or variable).FIG. 13A depicts the torso-lift support 160 retracted, FIG. 13B depictsthe torso-lift support 160 at half travel, and FIG. 13C depicts thetorso-lift support 160 at full travel.

As discussed above, the chest support lift mechanism 166 includes theactuators 170A, 170B, and 170C to position and reposition the supportplate 164 (and hence, the chest support plate 100). As depicted in FIGS.14 and 15, for example, the first actuator 170A, the second actuator1706, and the third actuator 170C are provided. Each of the actuators170A, 170B, and 170C are interconnected with the offset main beam 12 andthe support plate 164, and each of the actuators 170A, 170B, and 170Care moveable between a retracted and extended position. As depicted inFIGS. 13A-13C, the first actuator 170A is pinned to the offset main beam162 using a pin 174 and pinned to the support plate 164 using a pin 176.Furthermore, the second and third actuators 170B and 170C are receivedwithin the offset main beam 162. The second actuator 170B isinterconnected with the offset main beam 162 using a pin 178, and thethird actuator 170C is interconnected with the offset main beam 162using a pin 180.

The second actuator 170B is interconnected with the support plate 164via first links 182, and the third actuator 170C is interconnected withthe support plate 164 via second links 184. First ends 190 of the firstlinks 182 are pinned to the second actuator 170B and elongated slots 192formed in the offset main beam 162 using a pin 194, and first ends 200of the second links 184 are pinned to the third actuator 170C andelongated slots 202 formed in the offset main beam 162 using a pin 204.The pins 194 and 204 are moveable within the elongated slots 192 and202. Furthermore, second ends 210 of the first links 182 are pinned tothe support plate 164 using the pin 176, and second ends 212 of thesecond links 184 are pinned to the support plate 164 using a pin 214. Tolimit interference therebetween, as depicted in FIGS. 13A-13C, the firstlinks 182 are provided on the exterior of the offset main beam 162, and,depending on the position thereof, the second links 184 are positionedon the interior of the offset main beam 162.

Actuation of the actuators 170A, 170B, and 170C facilitates movement ofthe support plate 164. Furthermore, the amount of actuation of theactuators 170A, 170B, and 170C can be varied to affect differentpositions of the support plate 164. As such, by varying the amount ofactuation of the actuators 170A, 170B, and 170C, the COR 172 thereof canbe controlled. As discussed above, the COR 172 can be predetermined, andcan be either fixed or varied. Furthermore, the actuation of theactuators 170A, 170B, and 170C can be computer controlled and/oroperated by the operator of the surgical frame 10, such that the COR 172can be programmed by the operator. As such, an algorithm can be used todetermine the rates of extension of the actuators 170A, 170B, and 170Cto control the COR 172, and the computer controls can handleimplementation of the algorithm to provide the predetermined COR. Asafety feature can be provided, enabling the operator to read and limita lifting force applied by the actuators 170A, 170B, and 170C in orderto prevent injury to the patient P. Moreover, the torso-lift support 160can also include safety stops (not shown) to prevent over-extension orcompression of the patient P, and sensors (not shown) programmed to sendpatient position feedback to the safety stops.

FIGS. 16-23 depict portions of the sagittal adjustment assembly 28. Thesagittal adjustment assembly 28 can be used to distract or compress thepatient's lumbar spine during or after lifting or lowering of thepatient's torso by the torso-lift supports. The sagittal adjustmentassembly 28 supports and manipulates the lower portion of the patient'sbody. In doing so, the sagittal adjustment assembly 28 is configured tomake adjustments in the sagittal plane of the patient's body, includingtilting the pelvis, controlling the position of the upper and lowerlegs, and lordosing the lumbar spine.

As depicted in FIGS. 16 and 17, for example, the sagittal adjustmentassembly 28 includes the pelvic-tilt mechanism 30 for supporting thethighs and lower legs of the patient P. The pelvic-tilt mechanism 30includes a thigh cradle 220 configured to support the patient's thighs,and a lower leg cradle 222 configured to support the patient's shins.Different sizes of thigh and lower leg cradles can be used toaccommodate different sizes of patients, i.e., smaller thigh and lowerleg cradles can be used with smaller patients, and larger thigh andlower leg cradles can be used with larger patients. Soft straps (notshown) can be used to secure the patient P to the thigh cradle 220 andthe lower leg cradle 222. The thigh cradle 220 and the lower leg cradle222 are moveable and pivotal with respect to one another and to theoffset main beam 12. To facilitate rotation of the patient's hips, thethigh cradle 220 and the lower leg cradle 222 can be positioned anteriorand inferior to the patient's hips.

As depicted in FIGS. 18 and 25, for example, a first support strut 224and second support struts 226 are attached to the thigh cradle 220.Furthermore, third support struts 228 are attached to the lower legcradle 222. The first support strut 224 is pivotally attached to theoffset main beam 12 via a support plate 230 and a pin 232, and thesecond support struts 226 are pivotally attached to the third supportstruts 228 via pins 234. The pins 234 extend through angled end portions236 and 238 of the second and third support struts 226 and 228,respectively. Furthermore, the lengths of second and third supportstruts 226 and 228 are adjustable to facilitate expansion andcontraction of the lengths thereof.

To accommodate patients with different torso lengths, the position ofthe thigh cradle 220 can be adjustable by moving the support plate 230along the offset main beam 12. Furthermore, to accommodate patients withdifferent thigh and lower leg lengths, the lengths of the second andthird support struts 226 and 228 can be adjusted.

To control the pivotal angle between the second and third support struts226 and 228 (and hence, the pivotal angle between the thigh cradle 220and lower leg cradle 222), a link 240 is pivotally connected to acaptured rack 242 via a pin 244. The captured rack 242 includes anelongated slot 246, through which is inserted a worm gear shaft 248 of aworm gear assembly 250. The worm gear shaft 248 is attached to a gear252 provided on the interior of the captured rack 242. The gear 252contacts teeth 254 provided inside the captured rack 242, and rotationof the gear 252 (via contact with the teeth 254) causes motion of thecaptured rack 242 upwardly and downwardly. The worm gear assembly 250,as depicted in FIGS. 19-21, for example, includes worm gears 256 whichengage a drive shaft 258, and which are connected to the worm gear shaft248.

The worm gear assembly 250 also is configured to function as a brake,which prevents unintentional movement of the sagittal adjustmentassembly 28. Rotation of the drive shaft 258 causes rotation of the wormgears 256, thereby causing reciprocal vertical motion of the capturedrack 242. The vertical reciprocal motion of the captured rack 242 causescorresponding motion of the link 240, which in turn pivots the secondand third support struts 226 and 228 to correspondingly pivot the thighcradle 220 and lower leg cradle 222. A servomotor (not shown)interconnected with the drive shaft 258 can be computer controlledand/or operated by the operator of the surgical frame 10 to facilitatecontrolled reciprocal motion of the captured rack 242.

The sagittal adjustment assembly 28 also includes the leg adjustmentmechanism 32 facilitating articulation of the thigh cradle 220 and thelower leg cradle 222 with respect to one another. In doing so, the legadjustment mechanism 32 accommodates the lengthening and shortening ofthe patient's legs during bending thereof. As depicted in FIG. 17, forexample, the leg adjustment mechanism 32 includes a first bracket 260and a second bracket 262 attached to the lower leg cradle 222. The firstbracket 260 is attached to a first carriage portion 264, and the secondbracket 262 is attached to a second carriage portion 266 via pins 270and 272, respectively. The first carriage portion 264 is slidable withinthird portion 94 of the rear portion 74 of the offset main beam 12, andthe second carriage portion 266 is slidable within the first portion 90of the rear portion 74 of the offset main beam 12. An elongated slot 274is provided in the first portion 90 to facilitate engagement of thesecond bracket 262 and the second carriage portion 266 via the pin 272.As the thigh cradle 220 and the lower leg cradle 222 articulate withrespect to one another (and the patient's legs bend accordingly), thefirst carriage 264 and the second carriage 266 can move accordingly toaccommodate such movement.

The pelvic-tilt mechanism 30 is movable between a flexed position and afully extended position. As depicted in FIG. 22, in the flexed position,the lumbar spine is hypo-lordosed. This opens the posterior boundariesof the lumbar vertebral bodies and allows for easier placement of anyinterbody devices. The lumbar spine stretches slightly in this position.As depicted in FIG. 23, in the extended position, the lumbar spine islordosed. This compresses the lumbar spine. When posterior fixationdevices, such as rods and screws, are placed, optimal sagittal alignmentcan be achieved. During sagittal alignment, little to negligible anglechange occurs between the thighs and the pelvis. The pelvic-tiltmechanism 30 also can hyper-extend the hips as a means of lordosing thespine, in addition to tilting the pelvis. One of ordinary skill willrecognize, however, that straightening the patient's legs does notlordose the spine. Leg straightening is a consequence of rotating thepelvis while maintaining a fixed angle between the pelvis and thethighs.

The sagittal adjustment assembly 28, having the configuration describedabove, further includes an ability to compress and distract the spinedynamically while in the lordosed or flexed positions. The sagittaladjustment assembly 28 also includes safety stops (not shown) to preventover-extension or compression of the patient, and sensors (not shown)programmed to send patient position feedback to the safety stops.

As depicted in FIGS. 24-26, for example, the coronal adjustment assembly34 is configured to support and manipulate the patient's torso, andfurther to correct a spinal deformity, including but not limited to ascoliotic spine. As depicted in FIGS. 24-26, for example, the coronaladjustment assembly 34 includes a lever 280 linked to an arcuateradiolucent paddle 282. As depicted in FIGS. 24 and 25, for example, arotatable shaft 284 is linked to the lever 280 via a transmission 286,and the rotatable shaft 284 projects from an end of the chest supportplate 100. Rotation of the rotatable shaft 284 is translated by thetransmission 286 into rotation of the lever 280, causing the paddle 282,which is linked to the lever 280, to swing in an arc. Furthermore, aservomotor (not shown) interconnected with the rotatable shaft 284 canbe computer controlled and/or operated by the operator of the surgicalframe 10 to facilitate controlled rotation of the lever 280.

As depicted in FIG. 24, for example, adjustments can be made to theposition of the paddle 282 to manipulate the torso and straighten thespine. As depicted in FIG. 25, when the offset main beam 12 ispositioned such that the patient P is positioned in a lateral position,the coronal adjustment assembly 34 supports the patient's torso. Asfurther depicted in FIG. 26, when the offset main beam 12 is positionedsuch that the patient P is positioned in a prone position, the coronaladjustment assembly 34 can move the torso laterally, to correct adeformity, including but not limited to a scoliotic spine. When thepatient is strapped in via straps (not shown) at the chest and legs, thetorso is relatively free to move and can be manipulated. Initially, thepaddle 282 is moved by the lever 280 away from the offset main beam 12.After the paddle 282 has been moved away from the offset main beam 12,the torso can be pulled with a strap towards the offset main beam 12.The coronal adjustment assembly 34 also includes safety stops (notshown) to prevent over-extension or compression of the patient, andsensors (not shown) programmed to send patient position feedback to thesafety stops.

A preferred embodiment of a surgical frame incorporating a translatingbeam is generally indicated by the numeral 300 in FIGS. 27-30. Like thesurgical frame 10, the surgical frame 300 serves as an exoskeleton tosupport the body of the patient P as the patient's body is manipulatedthereby. In doing so, the surgical frame 300 serves to support thepatient P such that the patient's spine does not experience unnecessarystress/torsion.

The surgical frame 300 includes translating beam 302 that is generallyindicated by the numeral 302 in FIGS. 27-30. The translating beam 302 iscapable of translating motion affording it to be positioned andrepositioned with respect to portions of the remainder of the surgicalframe 300. As discussed below, the positioning and repositioning of thetranslating beam 302, for example, affords greater access to a patientreceiving area A defined by the surgical frame 300, and affords greateraccess to the patient P by a surgeon and/or a surgical assistant(generally indicated by the letter S in FIG. 30) via access to either ofthe lateral sides L₁ and L₂ (FIG. 30) of the surgical frame 300.

As discussed below, by affording greater access to the patient receivingarea A, the surgical frame 300 affords transfer of the patient P fromand to a surgical table/gurney. Using the surgical frame 300, thesurgical table/gurney can be conventional, and there is no need to liftthe surgical table/gurney over portions of the surgical frame 300 toafford transfer of the patient P thereto.

The surgical frame 300 is configured to provide a relatively minimalamount of structure adjacent the patient's spine to facilitate accessthereto and to improve the quality of imaging available before, during,and even after surgery. Thus, the workspace of a surgeon and/or asurgical assistant and imaging access are thereby increased. Theworkspace, as discussed below, can be further increased by positioningand repositioning the translating beam 302. Furthermore, radiolucent orlow magnetic susceptibility materials can be used in constructing thestructural components adjacent the patient's spine in order to furtherenhance imaging quality.

The surgical frame 300, as depicted in FIGS. 27-30, is similar to thesurgical frame 10 except that surgical frame 300 includes a supportstructure 304 having a support platform 306 incorporating thetranslating beam 302. The surgical frame 300 incorporates the offsetmain beam 12 and the features associated therewith from the surgicaltable 300. As such, the element numbering used to describe the surgicalframe 10 is also applicable to portions of the surgical frame 300.

Rather than including the cross member 44, and the horizontal portions46 and the vertical portions 48 of the first and second support portions40 and 42, the support structure 304 includes the support platform 306,a first vertical support post 308A, and a second vertical support post308B. As depicted in FIGS. 27-30, the support platform 306 extends fromadjacent one longitudinal end to adjacent the other longitudinal end ofthe surgical frame 300, and the support platform 306 supports the firstvertical support post 308A at the one longitudinal end and supports thesecond vertical support post 308B at the other longitudinal end.

As depicted in FIGS. 27-30, the support platform 306 (in addition to thetranslating beam 302) includes a first end member 310, a second endmember 312, a first support bracket 314, and a second support bracket316. Casters 318 are attached to the first and second end members 310and 312. The first end member 310 and the second end member 312 eachinclude an upper surface 320 and a lower surface 322. The casters 318can be attached to the lower surface of each of the first and second endmembers 310 and 312 at each end thereof, and the casters 318 can bespaced apart from one another to afford stable movement of the surgicalframe 300. Furthermore, the first support bracket 314 supports the firstvertical support post 308A, and the second support bracket 316 supportsthe vertical second support post 308B.

The translating beam 302 is interconnected with the first and second endmembers 310 and 312 of the support platform 306, and as depicted inFIGS. 27-30, the translating beam 302 is capable of movement withrespect to the first and second end members 310 and 312. The translatingbeam 302 includes a first end member 330, a second end member 332, afirst L-shaped member 334, a second L-shaped member 336, and a crossmember 338. The first L-shaped member 334 is attached to the first endmember 330 and the cross member 338, and the second L-shaped member 336is attached to the second end member 332 and the cross member 338.Portions of the first and second L-shaped members 334 and 336 extenddownwardly relative to the first and second end members 330 and 332 suchthat the cross member 338 is positioned vertically below the first andsecond end member 330 and 332. The vertical position of the cross member338 relative to the remainder of the surgical frame 300 lowers thecenter of gravity of the surgical frame 300, and in doing so, serves inadding to the stability of the surgical frame 300.

The translating beam 302, as discussed above, is capable of beingpositioned and repositioned with respect to portions of the remainder ofthe surgical frame 300. To that end, the support platform 306 includes afirst translation mechanism 340 and a second translation mechanism 342.The first translation mechanism 340 facilitates attachment between thefirst end members 310 and 330, and the second translation mechanism 342facilitates attachment between the second end members 312 and 332. Thefirst and second translation mechanism 340 and 342 also facilitatemovement of the translating beam 302 relative to the first end member310 and the second end member 312.

The first and second translation mechanisms 340 and 342 can each includea transmission 350 and a track 352 for facilitating movement of thetranslating beam 302. The tracks 352 are provided on the upper surface320 of the first and second end members 310 and 312, and thetransmissions 350 are interoperable with the tracks 352. The first andsecond transmission mechanisms 340 and 342 can each include anelectrical motor 354 or a hand crank (not shown) for driving thetransmissions 350. Furthermore, the transmissions 350 can include, forexample, gears or wheels driven thereby for contacting the tracks 352.The interoperability of the transmissions 350, the tracks 352, and themotors 354 or hand cranks form a drive train for moving the translatingbeam 302. The movement afforded by the first and second translationmechanism 340 and 342 allows the translating beam 302 to be positionedand repositioned relative to the remainder of the surgical frame 300.

The surgical frame 300 can be configured such that operation of thefirst and second translation mechanism 340 and 342 can be controlled byan operator such as a surgeon and/or a surgical assistant. As such,movement of the translating beam 302 can be effectuated by controlledautomation. Furthermore, the surgical frame 300 can be configured suchthat movement of the translating beam 302 automatically coincides withthe rotation of the offset main beam 12. By tying the position of thetranslating beam 302 to the rotational position of the offset main beam12, the center of gravity of the surgical frame 300 can be maintained inpositions advantageous to the stability thereof.

During use of the surgical frame 300, access to the patient receivingarea A and the patient P can be increased or decreased by moving thetranslating beam 302 between the lateral sides L₁ and L₂ of the surgicalframe 300. Affording greater access to the patient receiving area Afacilitates transfer of the patient P between the surgical table/gurneyand the surgical frame 300. Furthermore, affording greater access to thepatient P facilitates ease of access by a surgeon and/or a surgicalassistant to the surgical site on the patient P.

The translating beam 302 is moveable using the first and secondtranslation mechanisms 340 and 342 between a first terminal position(FIG. 28) and a second terminal position (FIGS. 29 and 30). Thetranslating beam 302 is positionable at various positions (FIG. 27)between the first and second terminal positions. When the translatingbeam 302 is in the first terminal position, as depicted in FIG. 28, thetranslating beam 302 and its cross member 338 are positioned on thelateral side L₁ of the surgical frame 300. Furthermore, when thetranslating beam 302 is in the second terminal position, as depicted inFIGS. 29 and 30, the translating beam 302 and its cross member 338 arepositioned in the middle of the surgical frame 300.

With the translating beam 302 and its cross member 338 moved to bepositioned at the lateral side L₁, the surgical table/gurney and thepatient P positioned thereon can be positioned under the offset mainbeam 12 in the patient receiving area A to facilitate transfer of thepatient P to or from the offset main beam 12. As such, the position ofthe translating beam 302 at the lateral side L₁ enlarges the patientreceiving area A so that the surgical table/gurney can be receivedtherein to allow such transfer to or from the offset main beam 12.

Furthermore, with the translating beam 302 and its cross member 338moved to be in the middle of the surgical frame 300 (FIGS. 29 and 30), asurgeon and/or a surgical assistant can have access to the patient Pfrom either of the lateral sides L₁ or L₂. As such, the position of thetranslating beam 302 in the middle of the surgical frame 300 allows asurgeon and/or a surgical assistant to get close to the patient Psupported by the surgical frame 300. As depicted in FIG. 30, forexample, a surgeon and/or a surgical assistant can get close to thepatient P from the lateral side L₂ without interference from thetranslating beam 302 and its cross member 338. The position of thetranslating beam 302 can be selected to accommodate access by both asurgeon and/or a surgical assistant by avoiding contact thereof with thefeet and legs of a surgeon and/or a surgical assistant.

The position of the translating beam 302 and its cross member 338 canalso be changed according to the rotational position of the offset mainbeam 12. To illustrate, the offset main beam 12 can be rotated a full360° before, during, and even after surgery to facilitate variouspositions of the patient to afford various surgical pathways to thepatient's spine depending on the surgery to be performed. For example,the offset main beam 12 can be positioned by the surgical frame 300 toplace the patient P in a prone position (e.g., FIGS. 27 and 28), lateralpositions (e.g., FIGS. 29 and 30), and in a position 45° between theprone and lateral positions. The translating beam 302 can be positionedto accommodate the rotational position of the offset main beam 12 to aidin the stability of the surgical frame 300. For example, when thepatient P is in the prone position, the translating beam 302 canpreferably be moved to the center of the surgical frame 300 underneaththe patient P. Furthermore, when the patient P is in one of the lateralpositions, the translating beam 302 can be moved toward one of thecorresponding lateral sides L₁ and L₂ of the surgical frame 300 toposition underneath the patient P. Such positioning of the translatingbeam 302 can serve to increase the stability of the surgical frame 300.

A radiation-scatter mitigating system 400 is depicted in FIGS. 31-33.The radiation-scatter mitigating system 400 is used in mitigatingunwanted scatter of electromagnetic radiation used for imagingtechniques applied to a patient P. In doing so, the radiation-mitigatingsystem 400 serves in shielding areas around the radiation-mitigatingsystem 400 from the unwanted scatter of the electromagnetic radiationfrom an electromagnetic-radiation imaging system including an emitter Eand a receiver R. The radiation-scatter mitigating system 400 can beused with surgical frames 10 and 300. To image certain portions of thepatient's body, the surgical frames 10 and 300 can be rotated relativeto the emitter E and the receiver R, and/or, as discussed below, theemitter E and the receiver R can be positioned relative to the surgicalframes 10 and 300.

As depicted FIGS. 31-33, the radiation-scatter mitigating system 400 isused with the surgical frame 300, and includes a first side portion 402and a second side portion 404. The first side portion 402 extends alonga first lateral side of the surgical frame 300, and the second sideportion 404 extends along a second lateral side of the surgical frame300.

As depicted in FIGS. 31 and 33, the first side portion 402 includes afirst post portion 410, a second post portion 412, a bar portion 414,and at least one radiation shield 416. The first post portion 410 andthe second post portion 412 can serve as stanchions, and can be attachedto and supported by the support platform 306. The first post portion 410and the second post portion 412 each extend upwardly from the supportplatform 306. Furthermore, the first post portion 410 includes a firstend 420 and a second end 422, and the second post portion 412 includes afirst end 424 and a second end 426. As depicted in FIG. 31, for example,the first end 420 of the first post portion 410 is attached to the firstend member 310, and the first end 424 of the second post portion 412 isattached to the second end member 312.

As depicted in FIGS. 31, the bar portion 414 includes a first end 430and a second end 432 with the first end 430 being supported by thesecond end 422 of the first post portion 410, and the second end 432being supported by the second end 426 of the second post portion 412. Assuch, the first post portion 410 and the second post portion 412 areused to support and space the bar portion 414 from the ground. The barportion 414 can be expandable and contractable to facilitate attachmentto the first post portion 410 and the second post portion 412. Tofacilitate such expansion and contraction, the bar portion 414 caninclude a first portion 434 and a second portion 436 with the secondportion 436 being moveable inwardly and outwardly of a recess 438 formedin the first portion 434.

The at least one radiation shield 416 is attached to and supported bythe bar portion 414. Although only one radiation shield 416 is depictedin FIGS. 31 and 33, multiple radiation shields 416 can be attached toand supported by the bar portion 414, and each of the radiationshield(s) 416 can function in a similar manner. The radiation shield(s)416 can include a body portion 440 and an attachment portion 442. Thebody portion 440 and the attachment portion 442 each can be formed atleast in part from a radiation blocking/intercepting material such as,for example, lead, tin, antimony, tungsten, bismuth, and compoundsand/or composites thereof. To illustrate, the body portion 440 and theattachment portion 442 can be formed of a synthetic or non-syntheticfabric that includes a lead lining. The attachment portion 442 is usedto attach the body portion 440 relative to the bar portion 414, andalthough depicted in FIG. 31 as being flattened, the body portion 440can include folds such as accordion-pleats affording expansion orcontraction along the bar portion 414. The body portion 440 can extendfrom the bar portion 414 or from adjacent to the bar portion 414 to oradjacent to the ground supporting the surgical frame 300.

As depicted in FIG. 31, the attachment portion 442 can be formed by oneor more loops through which the bar portion 414 is received. In additionor alternatively to the one or more loops, mechanical connectors such asbrackets, hooks, rings, and/or sliders can be used to facilitateattachment of the radiation shield 416 to the bar portion 414. The oneor more loops or mechanical connectors can be used to facilitatemovement of the radiation shield 416 along the bar portion 414.Furthermore, the folds formed in the body portion 440 can be used tofacilitate expansion and contraction of the radiation shield 416.

The expansion and contraction of the radiation shield 416, in similarfashion to use of curtains/drapes with a window, can close off (viaexpansion) or provide access (via contraction) to areas underneath themain beam 12. To illustrate, when the radiation shield 416 is expanded,the radiation shield 416 serves to intercept/block and mitigate at leastsome of the scatter of the electromagnetic radiation from the emitter E,and when the radiation shield 416 is contracted, the radiation shield416 affords access underneath the main beam 12.

As depicted in FIGS. 32 and 33, the second side portion 404 includes afirst post portion 450, a second post portion 452, a bar portion 454,and at least a first radiation shield 456 and a second radiation shield458. The first post portion 450 and the second post portion 452 canserve as stanchions, and can be attached to and supported by the supportplatform 306. The first post portion 450 and the second post portion 552each extend upwardly from the support platform 306. Furthermore, thefirst post portion 450 includes a first end 460 and a second end 462,and the second post portion 452 includes a first end 464 and a secondend 466. As depicted in FIG. 32, for example, the first end 460 of thefirst post portion 450 is attached to the first end member 310, and thefirst end 464 of the second post portion 452 is attached to the secondend member 312.

As depicted in FIGS. 32, the bar portion 454 includes a first end 470and a second end 472 with the first end 470 being supported by thesecond end 462 of the first post portion 450, and the second end 472being supported by the second end 466 of the second post portion 452. Assuch, the first post portion 450 and the second post portion 452 areused to support and space the bar portion 454 from the ground. The barportion 454 can be expandable and contractable to facilitate attachmentto the first post portion 450 and the second post portion 452. Tofacilitate such expansion and contraction, the bar portion 454 caninclude a first portion 474 and a second portion 476 with the secondportion 476 being moveable inwardly and outwardly of a recess (notshown) formed in the first portion 474.

The at least one first radiation shield 456 and the second radiationshield 458 are each attached to and supported by the bar portion 454.Although only one first radiation shield 456 is depicted in FIGS. 32 and33, multiple first radiation shields 456 can be attached to andsupported by the bar portion 454 and each of the first radiationshield(s) 456 can include a body portion 480 and an attachment portion482. The body portion 480 and the attachment portion 482 each can beformed at least in part from a radiation blocking material such as, forexample, lead, tin, antimony, tungsten, bismuth, and compounds and/orcomposites thereof. To illustrate, the body portion 480 and theattachment portion 482 can be formed of a synthetic or non-syntheticfabric that includes a lead lining. The attachment portion 482 is usedto attach the body portion 480 relative to the bar portion 454, andalthough depicted in FIG. 32 as being flattened, the body portion 480can include folds such as accordion-pleats affording expansion orcontraction along the bar portion 454. The body portion 480 can extendfrom the bar portion 454 or from adjacent to the bar portion 454 to oradjacent to the ground supporting the surgical frame 300.

As depicted in FIG. 32, the attachment portion 482 can be formed by oneor more loops through which the bar portion 454 is received. In additionor alternatively to the one or more loops, mechanical connectors such asbrackets, hooks, rings, and/or sliders can be used to facilitateattachment of the first radiation shield 456 to the bar portion 454. Theone or more loops or mechanical connectors can be used to facilitatemovement of the first radiation shield 456 along the bar portion 454.Furthermore, the folds formed in the body portion 480 can be used tofacilitate expansion and contraction of the first radiation shield 456.

The expansion and contraction of the first radiation shield 456, insimilar fashion to use of curtains/drapes with a window, can close off(via expansion) or provide access (via contraction) to areas underneaththe main beam 12. To illustrate, when the first radiation shield 456 isexpanded, the first radiation shield 456 serves to intercept/block andmitigate at least some of the scatter of the electromagnetic radiationfrom the emitter E, and when the first radiation shield 456 iscontracted, the first radiation shield 456 affords access underneath themain beam 12.

Although only one second radiation shield 458 is depicted in FIGS. 32and 33, multiple second radiation shields 458 can be attached to andsupported by the bar portion 454 and each of the second radiationshield(s) 458 can include a body portion 490 and an attachment portion492. The body portion 490 and the attachment portion 492 each can beformed at least in part from a radiation blocking/intercepting materialsuch as, for example, lead, tin, antimony, tungsten, bismuth, andcompounds and/or composites thereof. To illustrate, the body portion 490and the attachment portion 492 can be formed of a synthetic ornon-synthetic fabric that includes a lead lining. The attachment portion492, like the attachment portion 482, is used to attach the body portion490 relative to the bar portion 454, and although depicted in FIG. 32 asbeing flattened, the body portion 490 can include folds such asaccordion-pleats affording expansion or contraction along the barportion 454. The body portion 490 can extend from the bar portion 454 orfrom adjacent to the bar portion 454 to or adjacent to the groundsupporting the surgical frame 300.

As depicted in FIG. 32, the attachment portion 492 can be formed by oneor more loops through which the bar portion 454 is received. In additionor alternatively to the one or more loops, mechanical connectors such asbrackets, hooks, rings, and/or sliders can be used to facilitateattachment of the second radiation shield 458 to the bar portion 454.The one or more loops or mechanical connectors can be used to facilitatemovement of the second radiation shield 458 along the bar portion 454.Furthermore, the folds formed in the body portion 490 can be used tofacilitate expansion and contraction of the second radiation shield 458.

The expansion and contraction of the second radiation shield 458, insimilar fashion to use of curtains/drapes with a window, can close off(via expansion) or provide access (via contraction) to areas underneaththe main beam 12. To illustrate, when the second radiation shield 458 isexpanded, the second radiation shield 458 serves to intercept/block andmitigate at least some of the scatter of the electromagnetic radiationfrom the emitter E, and when the second radiation shield 458 iscontracted, the second radiation shield 458 affords access underneaththe main beam 12.

Additional radiation shields (not shown) can be used with theradiation-scatter mitigating system 400 and be provided at either end ofthe surgical frame 300 to further intercept/block radiation scatter, andthese additional radiation shields can have configurations and besupported in similar fashion to the radiation shield 416, the firstradiation shield 456, and/or the second radiation shield 458.

The expansion of the radiation shield 416, the first radiation shield456, the second radiation shield 458, and the additional radiationshields can serve to at least partially enclose the emitter Etherebetween. Thus, during operation of the emitter E, radiationtherefrom can be at least partially blocked/intercepted from escapingthrough the radiation shield 416, the first radiation shield 456, thesecond radiation shield 458, and the additional radiation shields.

Furthermore, as depicted in FIGS. 31-33, the emitter E and the receiverR can be incorporated in a C-arm assembly 500 of theelectromagnetic-radiation imaging system. The C-arm assembly 500 can beused in maintaining the locations of the emitter E and the receiver Rwith respect to one another to facilitate operation of the imagingtechniques applied to the patient P. The C-arm assembly 500 includes acart portion 502, a post portion 504, a head portion 506, a C-armportion 508, an extension portion 510, and a base portion 512. Thereceiver R can be supported by the C-arm portion 508, the emitter E canbe supported by the base portion 512, and the C-arm assembly 500 can beused in positioning and repositioning the emitter E and the receiver Rrelative to the patient P and the main beam 12. Furthermore, the C-armportion 508 can alternatively be attached to the head portion 506, theextension portion 510 and/or the base portion 512, or the translatingbeam 302.

The emitter E and the receiver R could be moveable upwardly anddownwardly toward or away from one another and the patient P using amodified C-arm portion 508 and/or a modified base portion 512. Thereceiver R could be moveable upwardly and downwardly relative to themodified C-arm, and the modified base portion 512 can be configured tobe telescopically expandable and contractable. The modified C-arm andthe modified base portion 512 can facilitate movement of the emitter Eand/or the receiver R relative to one another and the patient P.

Rather than being attached to the translating beam 302, the C-armportion 508, the base portion 512, the modified C-arm portion 508, orthe modified base portion 512 could be attached to a slide bar (notshown) that is attached to the translating beam 302. The slide bar couldbe arranged transversely to and extend on either or both of the lateralsides of the translating beam 302. To facilitate positioning of theemitter E, the slide bar could be moveable along the translating beam302 using a track (not shown) from between a location at least adjacentthe first end member 310 and at least adjacent the second end member312, and the C-arm portion 508, the base portion 512, the modified C-armportion 508, or the modified base portion 512 could be moveable alongthe slide bar using a track (not shown) from between a location adjacenta first end of the slide bar and a location adjacent a second end of theslide bar.

Furthermore, a fixed beam (rather the translating beam 302) that extendsbetween, for example, the first end member 310 and the second end member312 could be used with the slide bar. Movement of the slide bar on thefixed beam from between a location at least adjacent the first endmember 310 and at least adjacent the second end member 312, and movementof the C-arm portion 508, the base portion 512, the modified C-armportion 508, or the modified base portion 512 on the slide bar frombetween a location adjacent a first end of the slide bar and a locationadjacent a second end of the slide bar can afford similar positioning ofthe emitter E as with the translating beam 302 and the track providedthereon.

The cart portion 502 can be unattached or attached to the surgical frame300, and can include various casters 514 facilitating movement thereofrelative to the ground. When the cart portion 502 is unattached to thesurgical frame 300, a user can position and reposition the cart portion502 (and the componentry supported by the cart portion 502) relative tothe patient P and/or the surgical frame 300. For example, the C-armportion 508 (supporting the receiver R) and/or the base portion 512(supporting the emitter E) can be attached relative to the cart portion502, and thus, the user can position and reposition the emitter E andthe receiver R relative to the patient P and/or the surgical frame 300by moving the cart portion 502.

Alternatively, the cart portion 502 can be attached relative to thetranslating beam 302. To illustrate, the extension portion 510 can beattached to the cart portion 502, the base portion 512 can be attachedto the extension portion 510, and the extension portion 510 and/or thebase portion 512 can be attached relative to the translating beam 302.As such, when the translating beam 302 moves, the cart portion 502 moveswith the movement of the translating beam 302. Additionally, theextension portion 510 and/or the base portion 512 can be interconnectedwith a track (not shown) extending along the translating beam 302 thataffords movement of the extension portion 510 and/or the base portion512 along the length of the translating beam 302. As such, when theextension portion 510 and/or the base portion 512 move along the track,the cart portion 502 moves with the movement of the extension portion510 and/or the base portion 512.

Movement of the translating beam 302 and/or movement of the extensionportion 510 and/or the base portion 512 along the track can serve inpositioning and repositioning the cart portion 502 (and the componentrysupported by the cart portion 502). As discussed above, the C-armportion 508 (supporting the receiver R) and/or the base portion 512(supporting the emitter E) can be attached relative to the cart portion502, and thus, movement of the cart portion 502 serves to position andreposition the emitter E and the receiver R relative to the patient Pand/or the surgical frame 300.

The C-arm portion 508 can be attached at different locations relative tothe cart portion 502. For example, the C-arm portion 508 can be attachedto the head portion 506, and the head portion 506 can be attached to thepost portion 504. The post portion 504 can be telescoping to facilitateraising and lowering of the head portion 506 (and the C-arm 508 attachedthereto) relative to the cart portion 502. Furthermore, the base portion512 can be attached to the C-arm portion 508 instead of being attachedto the cart portion 502 via the extension portion 510. As such, movementof the head portion 506 via the telescoping post portion 504 can servein positioning and repositioning the emitter E and the receiver Rupwardly and downwardly relative to the patient P and main beam 12.Alternatively, the C-arm 508 can be attached to the extension portion510 and/or the base portion 512, rather than the head portion 506 oreven the post portion 504. Either way, the C-arm portion 508 cancorrespondingly move with movement of the cart portion 502. Furthermore,the C-arm portion 508 and the base portion 512 can be rotatable relativeto the cart portion 502 to facilitate rotation of the emitter E and thereceiver R with respect to the patient P.

The C-arm portion 508 and/or the base portion 512 alternatively can beattached relative to the translating beam 302 without use of the cartportion 502. Such attachment is described in U.S. application Ser. No.16/108,669, which is herein incorporated by reference. Furthermore, theC-arm portion 508 and the base portion 512 can be rotatable relative tothe translating beam 302 to facilitate rotation of the emitter E and thereceiver R with respect to the patient P. As such, movement of thetranslating beam 302 and/or movement of the C-arm portion 508 and/or thebase portion 512 relative to the translating beam 302 can serve inpositioning and repositioning the receiver R (attached to the C-armportion 508) and/or the emitter E (attached to the base portion 512)without use of the cart portion 502.

As depicted in FIGS. 34-36, a radiation-scatter mitigating system 520 isused with the surgical frame 300, and includes a first side portion 522and a second side portion 524. Rather than using the first support postportions 410, 450 and the second support post portions 412, 452 that areattached to the surgical frame 300, first and second support postportions can be used for the first side portion 522 and the second sideportion 524 that are stands separate from the surgical frame 300. Thesefirst and second support post portions can include, but are not limitedto, free-standing stands.

As depicted in FIGS. 34 and 36, the first side portion 522 includes afirst support post portion 530 and a second support post portion 532.The first support post portion 530 and the second support post portion532 can serve as stanchions, and can be positioned on either side ofeach of the first end member 310 and the second end member 312 such thatthe first support post portion 530 and/or the second support postportion 532 can be positioned within or on the outside of the areabetween the first end member 310 and the second end member 312. The barportion 414 and the radiation shield 416 can be used with the firstsupport post portion 530 and the second support post portion 532, andthe lengths and sizes of the bar portion 414 and the radiation shield416 can be adjusted to accommodate the positions of the first supportpost portion 530 and the second support post portion 532.

Furthermore, as depicted in FIGS. 35 and 36, the second side portion 524includes a first support post portion 534 and a second support postportion 536. The first support post portion 534 and the second supportpost portion 536 can serve as stanchions, and can be positioned oneither side of each of the first end member 310 and the second endmember 312 such that the first support post portion 534 and/or thesecond support post portion 536 can be positioned within or on theoutside of the area between the first end member 310 and the second endmember 312. The bar portion 454, the first radiation shield 456, and thesecond radiation shield 458 can be used with the first support postportion 534 and the second support post portion 536, and the lengths andsizes of the bar portion 454, the first radiation shield 456, and thesecond radiation shield 458 can be adjusted to accommodate the positionsof the first support post portion 534 and the second support postportion 536.

The expansion and contraction of the radiation shield 416 (used inassociation with the first side portion 522), and the expansion andcontraction of the first radiation shield 456 and the second radiationshield 458, in similar fashion to use of curtains/drapes with a window,can close off (via expansion) or provide access (via contraction) toareas underneath the main beam 12. To illustrate, as discussed above,when the radiation shield 416 is expanded, the radiation shield 416serves to intercept/block and mitigate at least some of the scatter ofthe electromagnetic radiation from the emitter E, and when the radiationshield 416 is contracted, the radiation shield 416 affords accessunderneath the main beam 12. Furthermore, as discussed above, when thefirst radiation shield 456 and the second radiation shield 458 areexpanded, the first radiation shield 456 and the second radiation shield458 serve to intercept/block and mitigate at least some of the scatterof the electromagnetic radiation from the emitter E, and when the firstradiation shield 456 and the second radiation shield 458 are contracted,the first radiation shield 456 and the second radiation shield 458afford access underneath the main beam 12.

Additional radiation shields (not shown) can be used with theradiation-scatter mitigating system 520 and be provided at either end ofthe surgical frame 300 to further intercept/block radiation scatter, andthese additional radiation shields have configurations and be supportedin similar fashion to the radiation shield 416, the first radiationshield 456, and/or the second radiation shield 458.

Rather than using the cart portion 502, the post portion 504, the headportion 506, the C-arm portion 508, the extension portion 510, and/orthe base portion 512 to position the emitter E and receiver R withrespect to one another, the emitter E can be attached to and positionedrelative to the surgical frame 300, and the receiver R can be attachedto and positioned relative to a receiver-support structure 550 in aradiation-scatter mitigating system 540 (FIGS. 37 and 38).

The receiver-support structure 550, as depicted in FIGS. 37 and 38,includes a first support post 552, a second support post 554, and atransom 556. The first support post 552 and the second support post 554can be attached to and supported by the ground, and the transom 556 canbe attached to and spaced from the ground by the first support post 552and the second support post 554. Furthermore, the receiver-supportstructure 550 also can be used to support various surgical lights 557thereon.

The receiver R is attached to the transom 556 using a truck 558. Thetransom 556 can serve as a track, and the truck 558 can be moveablealong the track formed by the transom 556 to facilitate movement of thereceiver R along the length of the transom 556. Using the movement ofthe truck 558 relative to the transom 556, the receiver R can be movedbetween adjacent the first support post 552 and adjacent the secondsupport post 554.

Furthermore, the emitter E can be attached to the translating beam 302.As depicted in FIGS. 37 and 38, for example, the emitter E is attachedto a base portion 560, and the base portion 560 is attached to thetranslating beam 302. A track (not shown) can be used to attach the baseportion 560 to the translating beam 302 to facilitate movement of thebase portion 560 (and the emitter E attached thereto) along the lengthof the translating beam 302. Using the track portion attached to thetranslating beam 302, the emitter E can be moved between adjacent thefirst end member 310 and adjacent the second end member 312.

The locations of the emitter E and the receiver R can be synchronized tofacilitate the imaging techniques applied to the patient P. Thesynchronization of the emitter E and the receiver R can be facilitatedvia movement of the translating beam 302, movement of the emitter Ealong the track portion attached to the translating beam 302, andmovement of the receiver R via movement of the truck 558 along thetransom 556.

Furthermore, the emitter E and/or the receiver R could be moveableupwardly and downwardly toward or away from one another and the patientP using a modified first support portion 552, a modified second supportpost 554, a modified truck 558, and/or a modified base portion 560. Themodified first support portion 552, the modified second support post554, the modified truck 558, and/or the modified base portion 560 can beconfigured to be telescopically expandable and contractable tofacilitate movement of the emitter E and/or the receiver R relative toone another and the patient P.

Rather than being attached to the translating beam 302, the base portion560 or the modified base portion 560 could be attached to a slide bar(not shown) that is attached to the translating beam 302. The slide barcould be arranged transversely to and extend on either or both of thelateral sides of the translating beam 302. To facilitate positioning ofthe emitter E, the slide bar could be moveable along the translatingbeam 302 using a track (not shown) from between a location at leastadjacent the first end member 310 and at least adjacent the second endmember 312, and the base portion 560 or the modified base portion 560could be moveable along the slide bar using a track (not shown) frombetween a location adjacent a first end of the slide bar and a locationadjacent a second end of the slide bar.

Furthermore, a fixed beam (rather the translating beam 302) that extendsbetween, for example, the first end member 310 and the second end member312 could be used with the slide bar. Movement of the slide bar on thefixed beam from between a location at least adjacent the first endmember 310 and at least adjacent the second end member 312, and movementof the base portion 560 and the modified base portion 560 on the slidebar from between a location adjacent a first end of the slide bar and alocation adjacent a second end of the slide bar can afford similarpositioning of the emitter E as with the translating beam 302 and thetrack provided thereon.

The radiation shield 416, the first radiation shield 456, and/or thesecond radiation shield 458, along with the first support post portions410, 450, 530, 534, and the second support post portions 412, 452, 532,and 536 of the radiation-scatter mitigating systems 400 and 520 can beused with the radiation-scatter mitigating system 540 to intercept/blockand mitigate, as discussed above, at least some of the scatter of theelectromagnetic radiation from the emitter E. As depicted in FIGS. 37and 38, the radiation shield 416 is used with the first support post 410and the second support post 412, and the first radiation shield 456 andthe second radiation shield 458 is used with the first support post 450and the second support post 452. Additional radiation shields (notshown) can be used with the radiation-scatter mitigating system 540 andbe provided at either end of the surgical frame 300 to furtherintercept/block radiation scatter, and these additional radiationshields have configurations and be supported in similar fashion to theradiation shield 416, the first radiation shield 456, and/or the secondradiation shield 458.

Rather that being attached relative to the ground, a modifiedreceiver-support structure 550′ could be attached to the surgical frame300 in a radiation-scatter mitigating system 540′. The modifiedreceiver-support structure 550′ can include some of the componentry ofthe receiver-support structure 550 and similar element numbering isapplied to indicate similar features of the modified receiver-supportstructure 550′.

As depicted in FIG. 39, the modified receiver-support structure 550′includes a first support post 570, a second support post 572, and atransom 574 extending between the first support post 570 and the secondsupport post 572. Furthermore, the modified receiver-support structure550′ can be attached to the surgical frame 300 at one longitudinal endvia attachment of the first support post 570 to the first verticalsupport post 308A, and attached to the surgical frame 300 at the otherlongitudinal end via attachment of the second support post 572 to thesecond vertical support post 308B. As such, the first vertical supportpost 308A and the second vertical support post 308B serve in supportingthe modified receiver-support structure 550′ so the that the modifiedreceiver-support structure 550′ can be moved with the surgical frame 300using the casters 318. And while the modified receiver-support structure550′ is shown attached to the first vertical support post 508A and thesecond vertical support post 308B, the attachment of the modifiedreceiver-support structure 550′ is not so limited. The modified receiversupport structure 550′ can be attached to other portions of the surgicalframe 300.

The emitter E and/or the receiver R could be moveable upwardly anddownwardly toward or away from one another and the patient P using amodified first support post 570, a modified second support post 572, amodified truck 558, and/or a modified base portion 560 that aretelescopically expandable and contractable to facilitate movement of theemitter E and/or the receiver R relative to one another and the patientP. Furthermore, the modified receiver-support structure 550′ also can beused to support various surgical lights 580 thereon, and theabove-discussed slide bar and/or the fixed main beam could be used withthe modified-receiver support structure 550′.

The above-discussed movement of the emitter E and the receiver R withrespect to the patient P, and/or the rotation of the main beam 12 (andthe patient P supported by the main beam 12) afford positioning of theemitter E and the receiver R in position relative to the patient P. Suchmovement and rotation facilitates the imaging of certain portions of thepatient's body, and the above-discussed radiation shields serve inintercepting/blocking and mitigating radiation scatter from the emitterE directed toward the patient P.

Furthermore, the attachment locations of the emitter E and the receiverR can be reversed in their positions on the C-arm assembly 500, thetranslating beam 302, and the receiver-support structures 550 and 550′.The positioning and repositioning of the relocated emitter E and therelocated receiver R can then be effectuated as described above. Also,one or more robotic arms (not shown) could be attached in locations onthe C-arm assembly 500, the translating beam 302, and/or thereceiver-support structures 550 and 550′ in place of or in addition tothe emitter E and the receiver R. The one or more robotic arms couldalso be moveably attached to the main beam 12 to facilitate movementthereof from at least adjacent one end of the main beam 12 to at leastadjacent the other end of the main beam 12. The robotic arms can be usedin manipulating instruments, supporting the patient P, and/or supportingthe emitter E and/or the receiver R.

Manual adjustment and controlled automation can be used to facilitatemovement of the translating beam 302, movement of the cart portion 502relative to the translating beam 302, raising and lowering of thetelescoping post portion 504 to facilitate movement of the head portion506, movement of the extension portion 510 and/or the base portion 512(supporting the emitter E, the receiver R, and/or the one or morerobotic arms) relative to the translating beam 302, movement of theemitter E and/or the receiver R relative to the transoms 556 and 574,and/or movement of the base portion 560 (supporting emitter E, thereceiver R, and/or the one or more robotic arms) relative to thetranslating beam 302. The expansion and contraction of the radiationshield 416, the first radiation shield 456, the second radiation shield458, and/or the other additional radiation shields discussed herein canalso be effectuated using manual adjustment and controlled automation.When using controlled automation, actuators, such as servomotors, can beused to facilitate the mechanical articulations and movements describedabove.

In addition to or in place of the above-discussed radiation shields, ashield or shields can be positioned around the emitter E. The shield orshields can create an area that increases in size further and furtherfrom emitter E to facilitate unblocked radiation emission from theemitter E to the patient P, but that shields areas around the shield orshields. For example, the shield or shields can define a firstcross-sectional area adjacent to the emitter E in a first planeperpendicular to the direction of radiation emission from the emitter E,and a second cross-sectional area removed from the emitter E in a secondplane perpendicular to the direction of the radiation emission from theemitter E, where the first cross-sectional area is smaller than thesecond cross-sectional area. For example, the shield or shields could befrusto-conical or truncated-pyramidal shaped.

It should be understood that various aspects disclosed herein may becombined in different combinations than the combinations specificallypresented in the description and the accompanying drawings. It shouldalso be understood that, depending on the example, certain acts orevents of any of the processes of methods described herein may beperformed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left outaltogether (e.g., all described acts or events may not be necessary tocarry out the techniques). In addition, while certain aspect of thisdisclosure are described as being performed by a single module or unitfor purposes of clarity, it should be understood that the techniques ofthis disclosure may be performed by a combination of units or modulesassociated with, for example, a medical device.

We claim:
 1. A surgical frame incorporating at least a portion of anelectromagnetic-radiation imaging device, the surgical frame comprising:a first support portion, a second support portion, a main beam, atranslating beam, a first support post, a second support post, atransom, and the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device, the main beambeing spaced from the ground by at least the first support portion andthe second support portion, the translating beam being positioned underthe main beam, and being moveably attached at a first end thereofrelative to the first support portion and moveably attached at a secondend thereof relative to the second support portion, the first supportpost being attached relative to the first support portion, the secondsupport post being attached relative to the second support portion, thetransom extending between the first support post and the second supportpost, the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device including an emitterand a receiver, one of the emitter and the receiver being supported andmoveably attached relative to the translating beam underneath the mainbeam, and the other of the emitter and the receiver being supported byand moveably attached to the transom over the main beam; wherein thetranslating beam and the one of the emitter and the receiver attachedthereto are moveable between a first position at or adjacent the firstlateral side of the surgical frame and a second position at or adjacentthe second lateral side of the surgical frame, the one of the emitterand the receiver is moveable along the translating beam between a firstposition at or adjacent the first support portion and a second positionat or adjacent the second support portion, and the other of the emitterand the receiver is moveable along the transom between a first positionat or adjacent the first support post and a second position at oradjacent the second support post.
 2. The surgical frame of claim 1 incombination with a radiation-mitigation system, the radiation-mitigationsystem comprising: a first support attached relative to the firstsupport portion of the surgical frame, a second support attachedrelative to the second support portion of the surgical frame, and afirst bar portion having a first end and a second end, and extendingbetween the first support and the second support, and a first radiationshield supported by the first bar portion and being expandable andcontractable along the first bar portion.
 3. The combination of thesurgical frame and the radiation-mitigation system of claim 2, wherein:the first end of the first bar portion is supported by the first supportand the second end of the first bar portion is supported by the secondsupport, and the first radiation shield hangs down from the first barportion to at least partially cover a portion of the first lateral sideof the surgical frame.
 4. The combination of the surgical frame and theradiation-mitigation system of claim 3, the radiation-mitigation systemfurther comprising: a third support attached relative to the firstsupport portion of the surgical frame, a fourth support attachedrelative to the second support portion of the surgical frame, and asecond bar portion having a first end and a second end, and extendingbetween the first support and the second support, and a second radiationshield supported by the first bar portion and being expandable andcontractable along the first bar portion.
 5. The combination of thesurgical frame and the radiation-mitigation system of claim 4, wherein:the first end of the second bar portion is supported by the firstsupport and the second end of the second bar portion is supported by thesecond support, and the second radiation shield hangs down from thefirst bar portion to at least partially cover a portion of the secondlateral side of the surgical frame.
 6. The combination of the surgicalframe and the radiation-mitigation system of claim 5, wherein: thesecond radiation shield hangs down from the second bar portion to atleast partially cover a portion of the second lateral side of thesurgical frame.
 7. The combination of the surgical frame and theradiation-mitigation system of claim 6, wherein each of the firstradiation shield and the second radiation shield comprises aradiation-attenuating material serving to limit propagation of radiationtherethrough.
 8. The surgical frame of claim 1, wherein the emitter issupported relative to the translating beam, and wherein the translatingbeam is moveable to position at least the emitter relative to a patientsupported on the main beam.
 9. The surgical frame of claim 8, whereinthe emitter is moveable relative to the translating beam via a trackattached to the translating beam.
 10. The surgical frame of claim 9,wherein the receiver is supported relative to the transom, and thereceiver is moveable relative to the transom via track attached to thetransom.
 11. A surgical frame incorporating at least a portion of anelectromagnetic-radiation imaging device, the surgical frame comprising:a first support portion, a second support portion, a translating beam, afirst support post, a second support post, a transom, and theelectromagnetic-radiation imaging device, the translating beam beingmoveably attached at a first end thereof relative to the first supportportion and moveably attached at a second end thereof relative to thesecond support portion, the first support post being attached relativeto the first support portion, the second support post being attachedrelative to the second support portion, the transom extending betweenthe first support post and the second support post, theelectromagnetic-radiation imaging device including an emitter and areceiver, one of the emitter and the receiver being supported andmoveably attached relative to the translating beam, and the other of theemitter and the receiver being supported by and moveably attached to thetransom; wherein the translating beam and the one of the emitter and thereceiver attached thereto are moveable between a first position at oradjacent the first lateral side of the surgical frame and a secondposition at or adjacent the second lateral side of the surgical frame,the one of the emitter and the receiver is moveable along thetranslating beam between a first position at or adjacent the firstsupport portion and a second position at or adjacent the second supportportion, and the other of the emitter and the receiver is moveable alongthe transom between a first position at or adjacent the first supportpost and a second position at or adjacent the second support post. 12.The surgical frame of claim 11, wherein the emitter is supportedrelative to the translating beam, and wherein the translating beam ismoveable to position at least the emitter relative to a patientsupported on the main beam.
 13. The surgical frame of claim 12, whereinthe emitter is moveable relative to the translating beam via a trackattached to the translating beam.
 14. The surgical frame of claim 13,wherein the receiver is supported relative to the transom, and thereceiver is moveable relative to the transom via the track attached tothe transom.
 15. The surgical frame of claim 14 in combination with aradiation-mitigation system, the radiation-mitigation system comprising:a first support attached relative to the first support portion of thesurgical frame, a second support attached relative to the second supportportion of the surgical frame, and a first bar portion having a firstend and a second end, and extending between the first support and thesecond support, and a first radiation shield supported by the first barportion and being expandable and contractable along the first barportion.
 16. The combination of the surgical frame and theradiation-mitigation system of claim 15, wherein: the first end of thefirst bar portion is supported by the first support and the second endof the first bar portion is supported by the second support, and thefirst radiation shield hangs down from the first bar portion to at leastpartially cover a portion of the first lateral side of the surgicalframe.
 17. The combination of the surgical frame and theradiation-mitigation system of claim 16, the radiation-mitigation systemfurther comprising: a third support attached relative to the firstsupport portion of the surgical frame, a fourth support attachedrelative to the second support portion of the surgical frame, and asecond bar portion having a first end and a second end, and extendingbetween the first support and the second support, and a second radiationshield supported by the first bar portion and being expandable andcontractable along the first bar portion.
 18. The combination of thesurgical frame and the radiation-mitigation system of claim 17, wherein:the first end of the second bar portion is supported by the firstsupport and the second end of the second bar portion is supported by thesecond support, and the second radiation shield hangs down from thefirst bar portion to at least partially cover a portion of the secondlateral side of the surgical frame.
 19. A surgical frame incorporatingat least a portion of an electromagnetic-radiation imaging device, thesurgical frame comprising: a first support portion, a second supportportion, a beam extending between the first support portion and thesecond support portion, a first support post, a second support post, atransom, and the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device, thetranslating beam being moveably attached at a first end thereof relativeto the first support portion and moveably attached at a second endthereof relative to the second support portion, the first support postbeing attached relative to the first support portion, the second supportpost being attached relative to the second support portion, the transomextending between the first support post and the second support post,the electromagnetic-radiation imaging device including an emitter and areceiver, the emitter being supported and moveably attached relative tothe translating beam, and the receiver being supported by and moveablyattached to the transom; wherein the emitter is moveable along the beamextending between the first support portion and the second supportportion between a first position at or adjacent the first supportportion and a second position at or adjacent the second support portion,and the receiver is moveable along the transom between a first positionat or adjacent the first support post and a second position at oradjacent the second support post.
 20. The surgical frame of claim 19,wherein at least one of the emitter being moveable relative to thetranslating beam via a track attached to the translating beam, and thereceiver being moveable relative to the transom via the track attachedto the transom.